Identification and characterization of a novel mouse gene encoding a Ras-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor: expression in macrophages and myocarditis elicited by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites.

The ability of Trypanosoma cruzi to activate macrophages is, at least in part, attributed to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins (GPI-mucins) expressed in the surface of the trypomastigote stage of the parasite. The differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the reverse Northern blot were used to study modulation of gene expression in murine macrophages exposed to GPI-mucins and in cardiac tissues from mice infected with T. cruzi. Among several cDNAs that were more abundant in lanes corresponding to macrophages stimulated with GPI-mucins as compared with resting cells, we confirmed the differential expression of A1, interleukin-18, and GPIgamma4. Some of these genes were also shown to have enhanced expression in the cardiac tissue (DAP-12, A1, and GPIgamma4) from infected animals. The expression of GPIgamma4 was also enhanced in human monocytes stimulated with GPI-mucins or bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The complete sequence of the GPIgamma4 transcript and its gene including the 5' upstream region was defined. GPIgamma4 was encoded by a novel, single copy gene present in mouse as well as human genomes and showed conserved homology to different members of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor family.